(* :Title: PhysicalConstants *)

(* :Author: Stephen Wolfram *)

(* :Summary:
This package provides the values of various commonly used physical constants.
*)

(* :Package Version: 1.3 *)

(* :Copyright: Copyright 1988-1999, Wolfram Research, Inc. *)

(* :Context: Miscellaneous`PhysicalConstants` *)

(* :History: 
	Version 1.1 by Stephen Wolfram (Wolfram Research), 1988. 
	Revised by ECM (Wolfram Research), 1990, 1996, 1997.
	Added support for CosmicBackgroundTemperature, SolarSchwarzschildRadius,
	  GalacticUnit, and SolarLuminosity;  made minor changes in
	  values for ClassicalElectronRadius, EarthMass, EarthRadius,
	  ElectronComptonWavelength, GravitationalConstant, MolarGasConstant,
	  ThomsonCrossSection;  improved some usage messages. 
	  Barbara Ercolano (Wolfram Research), 1997.  
*)

(* :Keywords: *)

(* :Source:
	CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th Edition, 1987-1988.
	CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 74th Edition, 1993-1994.
 *)

(* :Warning: None. *)

(* :Mathematica Version: 2.0 *)

(* :Limitation: None. *)
(* :Discussion: *)

BeginPackage["Miscellaneous`PhysicalConstants`","Miscellaneous`SIUnits`"]

(* ======================== GENERAL CONSTANTS ======================== *)

(* Universal Constants *)

SpeedOfLight::usage =
"SpeedOfLight is the speed of light in a vacuum, a universal constant."
VacuumPermeability::usage =
"VacuumPermeability is the permeability of vacuum, a universal constant."
VacuumPermittivity::usage =
"VacuumPermittivity is the permittivity of vacuum, a universal constant."
GravitationalConstant::usage =
"GravitationalConstant is the coefficient of proportionality in Newton's law of
gravitation."
AccelerationDueToGravity::usage =
"AccelerationDueToGravity is the acceleration of a body freely falling in a
vacuum."
PlanckConstant::usage =
"PlanckConstant is a universal constant of nature which relates the energy
of a quantum of radiation to the frequency of the oscillator which emitted it."
PlanckConstantReduced::usage =
"PlanckConstantReduced is PlanckConstant/(2 Pi), a universal constant."
PlanckMass::usage = "PlanckMass is a universal constant."

(* Electromagnetic Constants *)

ElectronCharge::usage =
"ElectronCharge is elementary charge, an electromagnetic constant."
MagneticFluxQuantum::usage =
"MagneticFluxQuantum is magnetic flux quantum, an electromagnetic constant."
QuantizedHallConductance::usage =
"QuantizedHallConductance is quantized Hall conductance, an
electromagnetic constant."
(* BohrMagneton is Bohr magnetron, an electromagnetic constant.  But it
is also a unit of magnetic moment, so it is introduced only in Units.m, to
avoid shadowing. *)


(* ======================== ATOMIC CONSTANTS ======================== *)

FineStructureConstant::usage =
"FineStructureConstant is the fine structure constant, an atomic constant."
RydbergConstant::usage =
"RydbergConstant is an atomic constant appearing in the Rydberg formula
expressing the wave-numbers of the lines in a spectral series."
BohrRadius::usage = "BohrRadius is the Bohr radius, an atomic constant."

(* Electron *)

ElectronMass::usage = "ElectronMass is the mass of an electron."
ElectronComptonWavelength::usage =
"ElectronComptonWavelength is the electron Compton wavelength, given by
PlanckConstant/(ElectronMass SpeedOfLight)."
ClassicalElectronRadius::usage =
"ClassicalElectronRadius is the classical electron radius, an atomic constant."
ThomsonCrossSection::usage =
"ThomsonCrossSection is the Thomson cross section, an atomic constant."
ElectronMagneticMoment::usage =
"ElectronMagneticMoment is the electron magnetic moment."
ElectronGFactor::usage = "ElectronGFactor is the electron g-factor."

(* Muon *)

MuonMass::usage = "MuonMass is the mass of a muon."
MuonMagneticMoment::usage = "MuonMagneticMoment is the muon magnetic moment."
MuonGFactor::usage = "MuonGFactor is the muon g-factor."

(* Proton *)

ProtonComptonWavelength::usage =
"ProtonComptonWavelength the proton Compton wavelength, given by
PlanckConstant/(ProtonMass SpeedOfLight)."
ProtonMagneticMoment::usage =
"ProtonMagneticMoment is the proton magnetic moment." (* scalar magnitude *)
ProtonMass::usage = "ProtonMass is the mass of a proton."

(* Neutron *)

NeutronComptonWavelength::usage =
"NeutronComptonWavelength the neutron Compton wavelength, given by
PlanckConstant/(NeutronMass SpeedOfLight)."
NeutronMagneticMoment::usage =
"NeutronMagneticMoment is the neutron magnetic moment." (* scalar magnitude *)
NeutronMass::usage = "NeutronMass is the mass of a neutron."

(* Deuteron *)

DeuteronMass::usage = "DeuteronMass is the mass of a neutron."
DeuteronMagneticMoment::usage =
"DeuteronMagneticMoment is the deuteron magnetic moment."

(* ==================== PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS ==================== *)

AvogadroConstant::usage =
"AvogadroConstant is the number of molecules in one mole or gram molecular
weight of a substance."
FaradayConstant::usage =
"FaradayConstant is the product of the Avogadro constant (AvogadroConstant)
and the elementary charge (ElectronCharge)."
MolarGasConstant::usage =
"MolarGasConstant is a physico-chemical constant."
BoltzmannConstant::usage =
"BoltzmannConstant is the ratio of the universal gas constant
(MolarGasConstant) to Avogadro's number (AvogadroConstant)."
MolarVolume::usage =
"MolarVolume is the volume occupied by a mole or a gram molecular weight of any
gas measured at standard conditions."
SackurTetrodeConstant::usage =
"SackurTetrodeConstant (absolute entropy constant), is a physico-chemical
constant."
StefanConstant::usage =
"StefanConstant is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, a universal constant of
proportionality between the radiant emittance of a black body and the
fourth power of the body's absolute temperature."

(* ======================== ASTRONOMICAL CONSTANTS ===================== *)

AgeOfUniverse::usage = "AgeOfUniverse is the age of the Universe, a physical
constant."
CosmicBackgroundTemperature::usage=
"CosmicBackgroundTemperature is the temperature of the cosmic background
radiation."
EarthMass::usage = "EarthMass is the mass of the Earth, a physical constant."
EarthRadius::usage = "EarthRadius is the radius of the Earth, a physical
constant."
HubbleConstant::usage = "HubbleConstant is a measure of the rate at which the
expansion of the universe varies with distance."
SolarRadius::usage = "SolarRadius is a physical constant."
SolarSchwarzschildRadius::usage =
"SolarSchwarzschildRadius is a physical constant."
SolarConstant::usage =
"SolarConstant is the rate at which solar radiation is received outside the
earth's atmosphere on a surface normal to the incident radiation and at the
earth's mean distance from the sun."
GalacticUnit::usage =
"GalacticUnit is the distance of the Sun from the center of the Milky Way
Galaxy, a physical constant."
SolarLuminosity::usage = "SolarLuminosity is a physical constant."



(* ========================== OTHER CONSTANTS ========================== *)

SpeedOfSound::usage =
"SpeedOfSound is the speed of sound at sea level in the standard atmosphere."
IcePoint::usage =
"IcePoint is the temperature at which a mixture of air-saturated pure 
water and pure ice may exist in equilibrium at a pressure of one 
standard atmosphere."
WeakMixingAngle::usage = "WeakMixingAngle is a physical constant."


Begin["`Private`"]

AccelerationDueToGravity = 9.80665 Meter/Second^2

AgeOfUniverse = 4.7 10^17 Second

AvogadroConstant = 6.0221367 10.^23 Mole^-1  

BohrRadius = 0.529177249 10^-10 Meter  (* infinite mass nucleus *)

(* BohrMagnetron is introduced in Units.m...
BohrMagneton = 9.2740154 10^-24 Ampere Meter^2
*)

BoltzmannConstant = 1.380658 10^-23 Joule/Kelvin

CosmicBackgroundTemperature = 2.726 Kelvin

ClassicalElectronRadius = 2.81794092 10^-15 Meter

DeuteronMagneticMoment = 0.43307375 10^-26 Joule/Tesla

DeuteronMass = 3.3435860 10^-27 Kilogram

EarthMass = 5.97370 10^24 Kilogram

EarthRadius = 6.378140 10^6 Meter   (* equatorial radius *)

ElectronCharge = 1.60217733 10^-19 Coulomb

ElectronComptonWavelength = 2.42631058 10^-12 Meter (* 1-2, CRC 74th Ed. *)

ElectronGFactor = 1.0011596567	(* F-186, CRC Handbook Chem & Phys, 68th Ed. *)

ElectronMagneticMoment = 9.284832 10^-24 Joule/Tesla

ElectronMass = 9.1093897 10^-31 Kilogram

FaradayConstant = 9.6485309 10^4 Coulomb/Mole

FineStructureConstant = 1/137.0359895

GalacticUnit = 2.46854206456 10^17 Meter

GravitationalConstant = 6.672659 10^-11 Newton Meter^2 Kilogram^-2

HubbleConstant = 3.2 10^-18 Second^-1

IcePoint = 273.15 Kelvin (* F-88 CRC Hdbk Chem & Phys, 68th Ed. *)

MagneticFluxQuantum = 2.0678506 10^-15 Weber  (* h/(2 e) *) (* F-186 CRC *)

MolarGasConstant = 8.314510 Joule Kelvin^-1 Mole^-1

MolarVolume = 22.41410 10^-3 Meter^3/Mole  (* ideal gas, STP *)

MuonGFactor = 2.002331846	(* 1-3, CRC Handbook Chem & Phys, 74th Ed. *)

MuonMagneticMoment = 4.4904514 10^-26 Joule/Tesla (* 1-2, CRC, 74th Ed. *)

MuonMass = 1.8835327 10^-28 Kilogram

NeutronComptonWavelength = 1.31959110 10^-15 Meter (* 1-3, CRC 74th Ed. *)

NeutronMagneticMoment = 0.96623707 10^-26 Joule/Tesla (* 1-3, CRC, 74th Ed. *)

NeutronMass = 1.6749286 10^-27 Kilogram

PlanckConstant = 6.6260755 10.^-34 Joule Second

PlanckConstantReduced = PlanckConstant / (2 Pi)

PlanckMass = 2.17671 10^-8 Kilogram

ProtonComptonWavelength = 1.32141002 10^-15 Meter (* 1-3, CRC 74th Ed. *)

ProtonMagneticMoment = 1.41060761 10^-26 Joule/Tesla (* 1-3, CRC 74th Ed. *)

ProtonMass = 1.6726231 10^-27 Kilogram

QuantizedHallConductance = 3.87404614 10^-5 Ampere/Volt (* e^2/h *)

RydbergConstant = 1.09737318 10^7 Meter^-1

SackurTetrodeConstant = -1.151693 (* 100 kPa *)

SpeedOfLight = 299792458 Meter/Second

SpeedOfSound = 340.29205 Meter/Second  (* standard atmosphere *)

SolarConstant = 1.37 10^3 Watt/Meter^2

SolarLuminosity = 3.846 10^26 Watt

SolarRadius = 6.9599 10^8 Meter

SolarSchwarzschildRadius = 2.95325008 10^3 Meter

StefanConstant = 5.67051 10^-8 Watt Meter^-2 Kelvin^-4

ThomsonCrossSection = 6.65224616 10^-29 Meter^2

VacuumPermeability = 4Pi 10^-7 Volt Second/Meter/Ampere

VacuumPermittivity = 8.854187817 10^-12 Ampere Second/Volt/Meter

WeakMixingAngle = 0.230    (* Sin[ThetaW]^2 *)

End[]

EndPackage[]
