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Notebook[{
Cell["A.1 Basic Objects", "Section",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.0", "0.1"}],

Cell["A.1.1 Expressions", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.1", "1.1"}],

Cell[TextData[{
  StyleBox["Expressions", "TI"],
  " are the main type of data in ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  ".  \nExpressions can be written in the form ",
  StyleBox["h", "TI"],
  StyleBox["[", "MR"],
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  " \[Ellipsis] ",
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
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  " are termed the ",
  StyleBox["elements", "TI"],
  " of the expression. Both the head and the elements may themselves be \
expressions.  \nThe ",
  StyleBox["parts", "TI"],
  " of an expression can be referred to by numerical indices. The head has \
index ",
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  "; element ",
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  StyleBox["i", "TI"],
  ". ",
  StyleBox["Part[", "MR"],
  StyleBox["expr", "TI"],
  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["i", "TI"],
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
  " or ",
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  StyleBox["[[", "MR"],
  StyleBox["i", "TI"],
  StyleBox["]]", "MR"],
  " gives the part of ",
  StyleBox["expr", "TI"],
  " with index ",
  StyleBox["i", "TI"],
  ". Negative indices count from the end. \n",
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  StyleBox["expr", "TI"],
  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " ",
  Cell[BoxData[
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  " ",
  Cell[BoxData[
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  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " \[Ellipsis] ",
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
  ", ",
  StyleBox["expr", "TI"],
  StyleBox["[[", "MR"],
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  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " \[Ellipsis] ",
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  StyleBox["Extract[", "MR"],
  StyleBox["expr", "TI"],
  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " ",
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  StyleBox["n", "TI"],
  " indices are defined to be at ",
  StyleBox["level", "TI"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["n", "TI"],
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  StyleBox["Map", "MR"],
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  StyleBox["0", "MR"],
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  StyleBox["depth", "TI"],
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  StyleBox["n", "TI"],
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  StyleBox["n", "TI"],
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Cell["A.1.2 Symbols", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.2", "2.1"}],

Cell[TextData[{
  StyleBox["Symbols", "TI"],
  " are the basic named objects in ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  ".  \nThe name of a symbol must be a sequence of letters, \
letter\[Hyphen]like forms and digits, not starting with a digit. Upper\
\[Hyphen] and lower\[Hyphen]case letters are always distinguished in ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  ".  "
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  CellTags->{"SA.1.2", "2.2"}],

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                {"\<\"\\!\\(\\*StyleBox[\\\"\\\\\\\"Aaaaa\\\\\\\"\\\", \\\"TI\
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  CellTags->{"SA.1.2", "2.3"}],

Cell["Conventions for symbol names. ", "Caption",
  CellTags->"SA.1.2"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "Essentially all system\[Hyphen]defined symbols have names that contain \
only ordinary English letters, together with numbers and ",
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  ". The exceptions are ",
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  ", ",
  Cell[BoxData[
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  Cell[BoxData[
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  Cell[BoxData[
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  " and ",
  Cell[BoxData[
      \(TraditionalForm\`\[ImaginaryJ]\)], "InlineFormula"],
  ". \nSystem\[Hyphen]defined symbols conventionally have names that consist \
of one or more complete English words. The first letter of each word is \
capitalized, and the words are run together. \nOnce created, an ordinary \
symbol in ",
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  StyleBox["Remove", "MR"],
  ". However, symbols created automatically in scoping constructs such as ",
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  " carry the attribute ",
  StyleBox["Temporary", "MR"],
  " which specifies that they should automatically be removed as soon as they \
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  " first applies any value that has been assigned to ",
  StyleBox["$NewSymbol", "MR"],
  " to strings giving the name of the symbol, and the context in which the \
symbol would be created. \nIf the message ",
  StyleBox["General::newsym", "MR"],
  " is switched on, then ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " reports new symbols that are created. This message is switched off by \
default. Symbols created automatically in scoping constructs are not \
reported.  \nIf the message ",
  StyleBox["General::spell", "MR"],
  " is switched on, then ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " prints a warning if the name of a new symbol is close to the names of one \
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Cell["A.1.3 Contexts", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.3", "3.1"}],

Cell[TextData[{
  "The full name of any symbol in ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " consists of two parts: a ",
  StyleBox["context", "TI"],
  ", and a ",
  StyleBox["short name", "TI"],
  ". The full name is written in the form ",
  StyleBox["context", "TI"],
  StyleBox["`", "MR"],
  StyleBox["name", "TI"],
  ". The context ",
  StyleBox["context", "TI"],
  StyleBox["`", "MR"],
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any number of context mark characters ",
  StyleBox["`", "MR"],
  ", and must end with a context mark.    \nAt any point in a ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " session, there is a ",
  StyleBox["current context", "TI"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["$Context", "MR"],
  " and a ",
  StyleBox["context search path", "TI"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["$ContextPath", "MR"],
  " consisting of a list of contexts. Symbols in the current context, or in \
contexts on the context search path can be specified by giving only their \
short names.  "
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Cell["Contexts used for various specifications of symbols. ", "Caption",
  CellTags->"SA.1.3"],

Cell[TextData[{
  "With ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " packages, it is conventional to associate contexts whose names correspond \
to the names of the packages. Packages typically use ",
  StyleBox["BeginPackage", "MR"],
  " and ",
  StyleBox["EndPackage", "MR"],
  " to define objects in the appropriate context, and to add the context to \
the global ",
  StyleBox["$ContextPath", "MR"],
  ". ",
  StyleBox["EndPackage", "MR"],
  " prints a warning about any symbols that were created in a package but \
which are \[OpenCurlyDoubleQuote]shadowed\[CloseCurlyDoubleQuote] by existing \
symbols on the context search path. \nThe context is included in the printed \
form of a symbol only if it would be needed to specify the symbol ",
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  ".  "
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  CellTags->{"SA.1.3", "3.4"}],

Cell["A.1.4 Atomic Objects", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.4", "4.1"}],

Cell[TextData[{
  "All expressions in ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
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objects.  \nThese objects have heads which are symbols that can be thought of \
as \[OpenCurlyDoubleQuote]tagging\[CloseCurlyDoubleQuote] their types. The \
objects contain \[OpenCurlyDoubleQuote]raw data\[CloseCurlyDoubleQuote], \
which can usually be accessed only by functions specific to the particular \
type of object. You can extract the head of the object using ",
  StyleBox["Head", "MR"],
  ", but you cannot directly extract any of its other parts.  "
}], "Text",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.4", "4.2"}],

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                {"\<\"\\!\\(\\*StyleBox[\\\"\\\\\\\"Integer\\\\\\\"\\\", \
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                {"\<\"\\!\\(\\*StyleBox[\\\"\\\\\\\"Rational\\\\\\\"\\\", \
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Cell["Atomic objects. ", "Caption",
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Cell[TextData[{
  "Atomic objects in ",
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  " are considered to have depth 0 and yield ",
  StyleBox["True", "MR"],
  " when tested with ",
  StyleBox["AtomQ", "MR"],
  ". \nAs an optimization for some special kinds of computations, the raw \
data in ",
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  StyleBox["Raw[", "MR"],
  StyleBox["head", "TI"],
  StyleBox[",", "MR"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["\"", "MR"],
  StyleBox["hexstring", "TI"],
  StyleBox["\"]", "MR"],
  ". The data is specified as a string of hexadecimal digits, corresponding \
to an array of bytes. When no special output form exists, ",
  StyleBox["InputForm", "MR"],
  " prints special objects using ",
  StyleBox["Raw", "MR"],
  ". ",
  StyleBox["The behavior of ", "TI"],
  StyleBox["Raw", "MR"],
  StyleBox[" differs from one implementation of Mathematica to another; its \
general use is strongly discouraged.", "TI"],
  " "
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  CellTags->{"SA.1.4", "4.4"}],

Cell["A.1.5 Numbers", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.5", "5.1"}],

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                {"\<\"\\!\\(\\*StyleBox[\\\"\\\\\\\"Integer\\\\\\\"\\\", \
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Cell["Basic types of numbers. ", "Caption",
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Cell[TextData[{
  "All numbers in ",
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  " can contain any number of digits. ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " does exact computations when possible with integers and rational numbers, \
and with complex numbers whose real and imaginary parts are integers or \
rational numbers. \nThere are two types of approximate real numbers in ",
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  ": ",
  StyleBox["arbitrary precision", "TI"],
  " and ",
  StyleBox["machine precision", "TI"],
  ". In manipulating arbitrary\[Hyphen]precision numbers, ",
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computations are done to the same fixed precision, so some digits given may \
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  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " treats as machine\[Hyphen]precision numbers all approximate real numbers \
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  StyleBox["$MinMachineNumber", "MR"],
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  StyleBox["$MaxMachineNumber", "MR"],
  " and that are input with less than ",
  StyleBox["$MachinePrecision", "MR"],
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  StyleBox["InputForm", "MR"],
  ", ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " prints machine\[Hyphen]precision numbers with ",
  StyleBox["$MachinePrecision", "MR"],
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",
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  ", the magnitudes of numbers (except 0) must lie between ",
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  " and ",
  StyleBox["$MaxNumber", "MR"],
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  " ",
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
  " and ",
  StyleBox["Overflow[", "MR"],
  " ",
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
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Cell["A.1.6 Character Strings", "Subsection",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.6", "6.1"}],

Cell[TextData[{
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  " can contain any sequence of characters. They are input in the form ",
  StyleBox["\"", "MR"],
  StyleBox["ccccc", "TI"],
  StyleBox["\"", "MR"],
  ".  \nThe individual characters can be printable ASCII (with character \
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characters. ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " uses the Unicode character encoding for 16\[Hyphen]bit characters. \nIn \
input form, 16\[Hyphen]bit characters are represented when possible in the \
form \[Backslash]",
  StyleBox["[", "MR"],
  StyleBox["name", "TI"],
  StyleBox["]", "MR"],
  ", and otherwise as \[Backslash]",
  StyleBox[":", "MR"],
  StyleBox["nnnn", "TI"],
  ". \nNull bytes can appear at any point within ",
  StyleBox["Mathematica", "TI"],
  " strings. "
}], "Text",
  CellTags->{"SA.1.6", "6.2"}]
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